Introduction

Sciatica is pain that travels down the leg due to irritation of a nerve in the lower back. It can be painful and unsettling, but the good news is that most people recover well over time with the right advice, staying active and gradual exercise.

---

What is Sciatica?

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body. It starts in the lower back, passes through the buttock and travels down the back of each leg.

Sciatica occurs when one of the nerve roots in the lower back becomes irritated. This can cause pain that spreads from the lower back or buttock into the thigh, calf or foot.

---

Common Symptoms

Sciatica symptoms vary from person to person and may include:

• Pain travelling down one leg
• Burning or shooting pain
• Electric shock-like sensations
• Pins and needles
• Numbness
• Muscle weakness
• Unusual sensations such as coldness or running water in the leg

---

What Causes Sciatica?

Sciatica is caused by irritation of one of the nerves in the lower back.

This irritation is often linked to normal age-related changes in the spinal discs, although inflammation around the nerve can also cause symptoms.

It’s important to remember that many people have changes in their spine without experiencing any pain. Nerves are strong and resilient, and most people recover without needing surgery. Stress, poor sleep and emotional wellbeing can also influence how painful sciatica feels.

---

Staying Active

Although it can be tempting to rest, prolonged inactivity can slow recovery.

You can help your recovery by:

• Staying active within your comfort level.
• Returning to everyday activities gradually.
• Taking regular breaks from sitting.
• Changing position if sitting or lying becomes uncomfortable.
• Continuing activities that are important to you where possible.

---

Exercise Helps Recovery

Exercise is one of the best ways to recover from sciatica.

You don’t need to do a specific exercise programme—choose activities you enjoy and increase them gradually.

Examples include:

• Walking
• Swimming
• Gym-based exercise
• Stretching
• Exercises recommended by your physiotherapist

---

Do I Need a Scan?

Most people with sciatica do not need a scan.

Sciatica is usually diagnosed through your symptoms and a physical examination. Scans are generally only recommended if surgery or specialist treatment is being considered, or if a serious condition is suspected.

---

Recovery

Recovery times vary, but sciatica usually improves with time.

Many people notice the biggest improvement during the first few months, with around half recovering significantly within 12 weeks and most recovering within a year.

---

Treatment

Treatment aims to reduce pain and help you return to normal activities.

Treatment may include:

• Time and natural recovery
• Exercise and rehabilitation
• Pain relief medication
• Lifestyle advice, such as weight management or stopping smoking
• Specialist injections or surgery for a small number of people

---

When to Seek Medical Advice

Speak to your healthcare professional if:

• Your symptoms are getting worse.
• You develop increasing weakness or numbness.
• Your pain is not improving.
• You have concerns about your recovery.

Seek urgent medical attention if you develop symptoms such as loss of bladder or bowel control or numbness around the saddle area, as these could indicate a rare but serious condition.